Domestic Violence Against Women Act - 1639 Words

Legislation Types The Congress of the United States in 1994, as part of the Crime Bill, passed law allowing the federal government to take part in the battle against domestic violence. This new law, named the VAWA, acknowledged that violence against women is a crime with far-reaching, harmful consequences for families, children and society (Domestic and Sexual Violence Data Collection, A Report to Congress under the Violence Against Women Act, 1 [NIJ Research Report 1996]). To fight this violent crime problem, VAWA made federal domestic violence crimes to be act against by the Department of Justice. Reliable with this federal inventiveness, the Crime Bill also modified the Gun Control Act to embrace domestic violence-related crimes. Congress reiterated its commitment to fight domestic violence crimes by the performing in the fall of 1996 of extra federal domestic violence crimes in both VAWA and the Gun Control Act. The federal government has largely lacked authority over several dom estic violence crimes. However domestic violence remains primarily a matter of state and local jurisdiction. Federal Legislation The Violence against Women Act (VAWA) delineated funding programs to avoid violence against women and set a national domestic violence hotline. Also, new protections were given to victims of domestic abuse, such as confidentiality of new address and modifications to migration regulations that permit an abused partner to apply for permanent residency. This actShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence Against Women Act910 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence affects millions of Americans in different circumstances annually. Over the years, the numbers of reported cases of domestic violence gained stable growth prompting social activists and legislators to draw stiff measures to counter the problem. About one in four women are affected by domestic violence in the United States. The Bureau of Justice Statistics estimates that at least four-hundred and seven-thousand incidents of domestic violence crimes were committed in the year 2010Read MoreDomestic Violence Against Wome n Act Of 19943515 Words   |  15 Pages Domestic Violence Health Policy Yuliet Pozo Martinez South University â€Æ' Abstract Despite the fact the physical effects of domestic violence could be the similar as for other forms of violent crime, the emotional effects can be much worse. Domestic violence happens when a crime is committed against a victim by someone with whom the victim is or has previously found, in a close relationship or somebody living in the same household as the victim. Domestic violence regulations differ fromRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women Act Of 19942168 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract Despite the fact the physical effects of domestic violence could be the similar as for other forms of violent crime, the emotional effects can be much worse. Domestic violence happens when a crime is committed against a victim by someone with whom the victim is or has previously found, in a close relationship or somebody living in the same household as the victim. Domestic violence regulations differ from state to state. These variances range from conceptualization to the requirements underRead MoreBatter Women Syndrome- Domestic Violence Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pagesrelevant to our society today is in relation to women who suffer from domestic violence/ battering. Batter Women Syndrome (BWS) has recently been reformed in the United States as the Batter Person Syndrome (BPS) to include men as potential victims of domestic violence/ batter. The term batter person syndrome has been recognized as a social issue and legal changes have taken place in the United States in order to prote ct individuals affected by domestic violence/ battering. My overall goal for this essayRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act914 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical Context Long before its enactment on September 13, 1994, the foundation for the Violence Against Women Act was being constructed. More than 140 years ago, members of the U.S. government were working to end the injustice of violence against women when, in 1871, Alabama was the first state to make it illegal for a man to beat his wife (U.S. Department of Justice, 2010). In 1967, one of the first domestic violence shelters in the country opened its doors in Maine; and from that time until 1994, progressRead MoreThe Domestic Violence Against Women1130 Words   |  5 Pagesfor domestic violence cases. States kept adding to the list and as of 1983, there were more than 700 shelters for abused women across the country. The number of shelters kept increasing, as did the organizations intended to assist the victims of domestic violence. After 1986 that the first Domestic Violence Awareness Month was first held in October, the United Nations included violence against women as a human rights violatio n in 1993. The next year, the US Congress passed the Violence Against WomenRead MoreDomestic Violence, A Federal Crime Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion women in the U.S yearly is domestic violence. This crime, which many do not know is a federal crime, responsible for about thirty percent of female murders (Asher, Elba, Sugg 1). According to the American Bar Association (ABA), 90-95% of domestic violence victims are women (2) and â€Å" 70% of intimate homicides are female† (2) intimate murder, as opposed to murder by a stranger. Women today need to understand what domestic violence is and need to educate themselves that domestic violence is a seriousRead MoreWomen Is The Best And The Most Beautiful Creation Of God1155 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in a democratic society where women constitute nearly more-half of the population. From times immemorial, a woman has not only denied justice, equality and liberty but she has also been socially, economically, physically, ps ychologically, emotionally as well as sexually exploited at home, in office and at everywhere and has been forced to lead an immoral and destitute life. Women are the best and the most beautiful creation of God on this cosmos and of Laxmi, Saraswati, Parvati and DurgaRead MoreDomestic Violence : An Individual Crisis815 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is not merely an individual crisis, but a social crisis. â€Å"Domestic violence is a burden on numerous sectors of the social system and quietly, yet dramatically, affects the development of a nation. Batterers cost nations fortunes in terms of law enforcement, health care, lost labor and general progress in development. These costs do not only affect the present generation; what begins as an assault by one person on another, reverberates through the family and the community into theRead MoreThe Violence Against Women Act1498 Words   |  6 PagesElimination of Violence Against Women which called religious and cultural custom s an excuse for gender-based violence (Goldscheid, 2008). In the early ‘90s, the Surgeon General referred to domestic violence as a threat to the health of Americans and in a similar move, the American Medical Association created a campaign targeted at ending domestic violence (Eisler, 1992). Taking its first formal stance on the issue, the outcry of the people lead the United States to pass the Violence Against Women Act in 1994

A balance scorecard analysis of compaq computer corparation Free Essays

Compaq which comes from two words COMPatibility And Quality was founded in 1982 by Rod Canion, Jim Harris and Bill Murto with each of them investing $ 1,000 as starting capital for the organization. They tapped two key marketing executive from IBM company (Jim D’Arezzo and Sparky Sparks) in the early eighties who really helped in the positioning of Compaq as a household brand name in its early years with the assistance of other executives such as Ross A. Cooley, Michael Swavely, Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on A balance scorecard analysis of compaq computer corparation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Colley. Â  Over the years, it grew to become one of the most successful PC manufactures company with a commanding market share and knocking out some of its competitors along the way. However it later merged with its biggest competitor in 2001. GROWTH OF COMPAQ Having being founded in 1982, Compaq announced its first product (Compaq Portable) in November 1982 which was released to the market in 1983. this was a start with a success being able to sell out 53,000 units in its first year at a price of $2995. This was the start of the rolling of f of a number of its product which included the Compaq Deskpro in 1984, the Compaq Deskpro386 in 1986 and the Systempro (a server) in 1989. Compaq Deskpro 386 was an even bigger success and a mile stone as Compaq was able to set itself as a supplier of choice making IBM lose its image of technical leadership. The early 90s was Compaq dominating the market for servers driving off quite a number of competitors off the market in a price war. The late 90s was Compaq buying other technology companies becoming the second largest computer maker in the world. Things changed in 2001 as Compaq went into a merger with Hewlett-Packard changing their symbols from CPQ and HWP respectively to HPQ. Just like every other corporate merger, the merger between Compaq and Hewlett-Packard was faced with difficulties but this was worse as the two were global giants in the technical industry with the biggest challenge being bringing them together ‘without sacrificing the customer-centric approach that divided them’. BALANCE SCORECARD ‘A balance scorecard is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business industry, government and non profit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improving internal and external communication and monitor organization. This tends to transform the organization strategic plan from an attractive but passive document into one that the organization uses on a day basis in its decision making’. (Balance Scorecard Institute 2008) Kaplan and Norton developed and linked it to firms’ strategic objectives to performance measurement. They also recommended broadening the scope of the measures to include How to cite A balance scorecard analysis of compaq computer corparation, Papers

Economics for Sustainable Business for GST- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomics for Sustainable Business for GST. Answer: GST stands for Goods and Services Tax. It is a revolutionary action in the taxation system of the Indian economy. This is a comprehensive, destination-based, multistage, indirect tax, to be imposed on every value addition of the goods and services produced in the country. The main purpose of this law is to replace the previously existing several indirect taxes and introduce a unified tax system. This tax system came into effect on 1st July, 2017. There are few slabs for the GST rates, and those are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28% (Roy, 2017). According to the report by Mishra (2017), the solar energy store manufacturers and the power sector of India have urged the government to reduce the GST on batteries from 28% to 5%, as this is a vital component for power generation, sustainable energy and Electric Vehicles. Since, it is an indirect tax, the burden is shifted onto the customers by the producers through higher price of the product (Thorat, 2017). Figure 1: Impact of GST on the price of the battery (Source: Author) From the above diagram, it can be explained that, initially, the demand and supply of the batteries was D1 and S respectively and initial equilibrium was at E*. After the imposition of 28% GST on the batteries, the demand for the batteries falls to D2, while supply remains fixed. The line AD denotes the tax amount, i.e. 28% tax. It is levied on the price. The consumers are paying a higher price due to GST, which is denoted by P5 and the producers are getting a lower price, denoted by P2. Hence, consumer surplus is denoted by the triangle P6P5D and producer surplus is denoted by P1P2A. The tax revenue is denoted by the rectangle AP2P5D. The deadweight loss is the area ADE*. The quantity sold would be reduced from the initial quantity. When the GST falls to 5%, the demand for the batteries rises to D3. In this situation, the tax revenue for the government falls, and is denoted by the straight line BC. In this scenario, the consumers pay a lower price than for 28% GST, which is shown by P4. At the same time, the producers get a higher price than earlier, denoted by P3. BCP4P3 refers to the tax revenue and CDE* denotes the deadweight loss. The consumer surplus and producer surplus both increase, shown by the area P6DP4 and P1P3C respectively. Thus, for a lower GST, the buyers and sellers will be benefitted but the government revenue falls. The sales volume would increase under 5% slab (Nguyen, Onnis Rossi, 2017). Electric vehicles (EV) are now being promoted by the government for sustainability. To reduce the pollution and environmental damage, and for a sustainable future, the government of India has set a goal to reach 100% Electric Vehicle nation by 2030. Hence, the government has decided to keep the cars under the 12% GST slab. However, the rechargeable battery is one of the major inputs of EVs. The cost of the battery comprises of almost half of the total price of the vehicle (Businesstoday.in, 2017). Hence, the Electric vehicles are quite costlier than the regular petrol, diesel and hybrid cars as it uses renewable source of energy. If the price of the battery is increased due to the 28% GST, then the price of the EVs will shoot up significantly, and its demand and sales would fall. If the GST on batteries falls to 5%, then the price for the battery would go down, resulting in the fall of price for the EVs. Thus, its demand and sales would increase in the long run. Thus, reducing the GS T rate would bring more profit to the EV manufacturers. The government of India has levied 28% GST and 1% to 15% cess on the petrol and hybrid cars. It has made these cars significantly costly. The petrol cars run on petrol, which is a non-renewable source of energy. The hybrid cars have both the battery as well as the fuel combustion engine. Both of these cars use batteries along with fuel combustion engines. However, these cars are not solely dependent on rechargeable batteries. Hence, the price rise of the battery due to 28% of GST will not have much effect on the price of the petrol cars. However, if the GST falls to 5% slab for the batteries, the petrol cars and the hybrid cars would be slightly benefitted. The cars have become already expensive due to a higher GST and a GST on the batteries would make these cars little more expensive. However, the petrol cars are relatively inelastic to the price of the batteries; therefore, the price effect on the petrol car is relatively lower (Bloomberg, 2017). However, in all the cases, the car companies would shift the burden of the tax on the consumers by charging higher prices. The initiative by the government to encourage the usage of more electric cars by 2030 is definitely pushed by lowering the GST slabs for the Electric Vehicles. By keeping a lower rate for EVs, the government is supporting the goal of making the country completely dependent on EVs. This initiative is taken to reduce the pollutions caused by the conventional fuel. Hence, for a sustainable future, reduction of the numbers of petrol and diesel cars is necessary. Therefore, reduction of GST to 5% on the price of the rechargeable batteries would reduce the price of the electric cars and its demand would rise (Businesstoday.in, 2017). However, according to some experts, the government should have waived the levy on the batteries as well as on the electric cars for the initial 3-4 years. This would have encouraged more people to buy the electric cars, and the companies would get first hand consumer experience, feedback and customer base. This in turn would have helped the markets to increase their efficiency and expertise in the manufacturing of the electric vehicles. In the long run, this venture would not only have helped the government to develop an advantage in the automobile manufacturing, but would also have helped in achieving the goal of being a 100% Electric Vehicle nation before 2030 (Prasad Agarwal, 2017). References Bloomberg. (2017).GST: Highest Rate For Hybrids, Electric Vehicles Get Tax Incentive.Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.bloombergquint.com/gst/2017/05/19/gst-highest-rate-for-hybrids-electric-vehicles-get-tax-incentive Businesstoday.in. (2017).GST impact: Will Indian government's ambitious push to electric vehicles kill hybrid segment?.Businesstoday.in. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/auto/gst-impact-hybrid-car-segment/story/255850.html Mishra, T. (2017).Solar energy storage manufacturers want lower GST levy on batteries.The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/solar-energy-battery- gst/article9758357.ece Nguyen, A. M., Onnis, L., Rossi, R. (2017).The Macroeconomic Effects of Income and Consumption Tax Changes(No. 2017008). Prasad, G., Agarwal, M. (2017).Govt sets low GST rate for electric vehicles to boost sales, but its not enough.https://www.livemint.com/. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.livemint.com/Industry/OcpXxo4ix2qIQeljYbNGgK/Govt-sets-low-GST-rate-for-electric-vehicles-to-boost-sales.html Raj, R. (2017). Goods and Services Tax in India. Roy, A. (2017). GST in India: a Layman's Guide.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,8(2), 219. Thorat, Y. R. (2017). GST and Indian Economy.International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,3(7).

Economics for Sustainable Business for GST- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEconomics for Sustainable Business for GST. Answer: GST stands for Goods and Services Tax. It is a revolutionary action in the taxation system of the Indian economy. This is a comprehensive, destination-based, multistage, indirect tax, to be imposed on every value addition of the goods and services produced in the country. The main purpose of this law is to replace the previously existing several indirect taxes and introduce a unified tax system. This tax system came into effect on 1st July, 2017. There are few slabs for the GST rates, and those are 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28% (Roy, 2017). According to the report by Mishra (2017), the solar energy store manufacturers and the power sector of India have urged the government to reduce the GST on batteries from 28% to 5%, as this is a vital component for power generation, sustainable energy and Electric Vehicles. Since, it is an indirect tax, the burden is shifted onto the customers by the producers through higher price of the product (Thorat, 2017). Figure 1: Impact of GST on the price of the battery (Source: Author) From the above diagram, it can be explained that, initially, the demand and supply of the batteries was D1 and S respectively and initial equilibrium was at E*. After the imposition of 28% GST on the batteries, the demand for the batteries falls to D2, while supply remains fixed. The line AD denotes the tax amount, i.e. 28% tax. It is levied on the price. The consumers are paying a higher price due to GST, which is denoted by P5 and the producers are getting a lower price, denoted by P2. Hence, consumer surplus is denoted by the triangle P6P5D and producer surplus is denoted by P1P2A. The tax revenue is denoted by the rectangle AP2P5D. The deadweight loss is the area ADE*. The quantity sold would be reduced from the initial quantity. When the GST falls to 5%, the demand for the batteries rises to D3. In this situation, the tax revenue for the government falls, and is denoted by the straight line BC. In this scenario, the consumers pay a lower price than for 28% GST, which is shown by P4. At the same time, the producers get a higher price than earlier, denoted by P3. BCP4P3 refers to the tax revenue and CDE* denotes the deadweight loss. The consumer surplus and producer surplus both increase, shown by the area P6DP4 and P1P3C respectively. Thus, for a lower GST, the buyers and sellers will be benefitted but the government revenue falls. The sales volume would increase under 5% slab (Nguyen, Onnis Rossi, 2017). Electric vehicles (EV) are now being promoted by the government for sustainability. To reduce the pollution and environmental damage, and for a sustainable future, the government of India has set a goal to reach 100% Electric Vehicle nation by 2030. Hence, the government has decided to keep the cars under the 12% GST slab. However, the rechargeable battery is one of the major inputs of EVs. The cost of the battery comprises of almost half of the total price of the vehicle (Businesstoday.in, 2017). Hence, the Electric vehicles are quite costlier than the regular petrol, diesel and hybrid cars as it uses renewable source of energy. If the price of the battery is increased due to the 28% GST, then the price of the EVs will shoot up significantly, and its demand and sales would fall. If the GST on batteries falls to 5%, then the price for the battery would go down, resulting in the fall of price for the EVs. Thus, its demand and sales would increase in the long run. Thus, reducing the GS T rate would bring more profit to the EV manufacturers. The government of India has levied 28% GST and 1% to 15% cess on the petrol and hybrid cars. It has made these cars significantly costly. The petrol cars run on petrol, which is a non-renewable source of energy. The hybrid cars have both the battery as well as the fuel combustion engine. Both of these cars use batteries along with fuel combustion engines. However, these cars are not solely dependent on rechargeable batteries. Hence, the price rise of the battery due to 28% of GST will not have much effect on the price of the petrol cars. However, if the GST falls to 5% slab for the batteries, the petrol cars and the hybrid cars would be slightly benefitted. The cars have become already expensive due to a higher GST and a GST on the batteries would make these cars little more expensive. However, the petrol cars are relatively inelastic to the price of the batteries; therefore, the price effect on the petrol car is relatively lower (Bloomberg, 2017). However, in all the cases, the car companies would shift the burden of the tax on the consumers by charging higher prices. The initiative by the government to encourage the usage of more electric cars by 2030 is definitely pushed by lowering the GST slabs for the Electric Vehicles. By keeping a lower rate for EVs, the government is supporting the goal of making the country completely dependent on EVs. This initiative is taken to reduce the pollutions caused by the conventional fuel. Hence, for a sustainable future, reduction of the numbers of petrol and diesel cars is necessary. Therefore, reduction of GST to 5% on the price of the rechargeable batteries would reduce the price of the electric cars and its demand would rise (Businesstoday.in, 2017). However, according to some experts, the government should have waived the levy on the batteries as well as on the electric cars for the initial 3-4 years. This would have encouraged more people to buy the electric cars, and the companies would get first hand consumer experience, feedback and customer base. This in turn would have helped the markets to increase their efficiency and expertise in the manufacturing of the electric vehicles. In the long run, this venture would not only have helped the government to develop an advantage in the automobile manufacturing, but would also have helped in achieving the goal of being a 100% Electric Vehicle nation before 2030 (Prasad Agarwal, 2017). References Bloomberg. (2017).GST: Highest Rate For Hybrids, Electric Vehicles Get Tax Incentive.Bloomberg. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.bloombergquint.com/gst/2017/05/19/gst-highest-rate-for-hybrids-electric-vehicles-get-tax-incentive Businesstoday.in. (2017).GST impact: Will Indian government's ambitious push to electric vehicles kill hybrid segment?.Businesstoday.in. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/auto/gst-impact-hybrid-car-segment/story/255850.html Mishra, T. (2017).Solar energy storage manufacturers want lower GST levy on batteries.The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/solar-energy-battery- gst/article9758357.ece Nguyen, A. M., Onnis, L., Rossi, R. (2017).The Macroeconomic Effects of Income and Consumption Tax Changes(No. 2017008). Prasad, G., Agarwal, M. (2017).Govt sets low GST rate for electric vehicles to boost sales, but its not enough.https://www.livemint.com/. Retrieved 2 September 2017, from https://www.livemint.com/Industry/OcpXxo4ix2qIQeljYbNGgK/Govt-sets-low-GST-rate-for-electric-vehicles-to-boost-sales.html Raj, R. (2017). Goods and Services Tax in India. Roy, A. (2017). GST in India: a Layman's Guide.Journal of Commerce and Management Thought,8(2), 219. Thorat, Y. R. (2017). GST and Indian Economy.International Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,3(7).

Salman Rushdie free essay sample

A look at the contributions of this 20th century author to a changing society. This paper attempts to explore Salman Rushdies impact on society. It looks at the controversies he stirs up and the reasons for him having such a great affect on the world. His origins and life are looked at and some of his famous works are studied in the context of censorship and freedom of speech. Critics as well as admirers often refer to Salam Rushdie as the most famous author in the world. For a man who originally wanted to become an actor he has come a long way in his second career choice. The fame is not always in a positive light however, and Rushdie has had a fair share of fame due to the controversy his works generate worldwide. His novel. The Ground Beneath Her Feet was published in 12 nations at the same time. We will write a custom essay sample on Salman Rushdie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This affirmation of his creativity pleased him.

Removed from the expectations Essay Example

Removed from the expectations Essay Example Removed from the expectations Essay Removed from the expectations Essay The state of reality of a human being can be described as the truth and authenticity of that person. The image of Kurtz that is presented to Marlow the early stages of the novella is one of a real person; he is something that is neither derivative nor dependent but exists necessarily. However, Marlow soon notices when he meets Kurtz that he is indeed the opposite of what many of his peers believe him to be. In the book Heart of Darkness there seems to be two types of people towards Kurtz the majority are those who admire and look up to him, and there are others who dislike him and the way he does his work. Marlow, I think, does not admire nor dislike Kurtz, but becomes gripped onto the expectations of his personality placed forward by the people that he has met before meeting Kurtz himself. Within the book Heart of Darkness there appears to be a low sense of reality as the book starts and continues. I think that the idea of reality is closely linked with the idea of madness and insanity; if someone has a grip on reality they are said to be sane, while if someone is proven to be mad then they had no hold onto reality. I believe that when the book was set Africa was responsible for mental disintegration as well as for physical illness and Kurtz, Marlow is told from the beginning, is mad. However, as Marlow forms a more complete picture of Kurtz, through over-hearing many conversations, it becomes apparent that his madness is only relative and that in the context of the Company insanity is difficult to define. The picture of Kurtz that is created by Marlow in the opening scenes of the novella is one of an ideal. Kurtz is a man of many talents we learn that he is a gifted muscian and a fine painter. Although he remains a mystery to Marlow, Kurtz exerts a powerful influence on the people in his life. This is shown when Marlow first describes Kurtz as a man, who is so indissolubly connected with the memories of that time. Marlow is talking of the time he spent in Africa on the Congo River where he met Kurtz. This sentence suggests to the reader that Kurtz is an important figure who is going to have a great impression on Marlow. The words indissolubly connected imply that Marlow cannot talk about the story without mentioning Kurtz and the impact that he had on his life. Kurtz is viewed from others, such as the manager and chief accountant of the Central Station, as an ideal. They use such words as remarkable and best agent to describe his character and work. When mentioning his work it is also said that he will go far, very far. However, Kurtz was already the chief of the Inner Station, which suggests in itself to be a very high post but the chief accountant of the Central Station says that he will soon be assistant manager. Kurtz is portrayed as a prodigy and universal genius by his peers and this gives Marlow the impression that Kurtz should be admired and does not leave Marlow to create his own views and opinions of him. However, there are some people who dislike Kurtz and even though they do not say this directly to Marlow, he over-hears their conversations. This secretive talk manages to create an air of mystery and tension around Kurtz as no-one knows who he actually is. However, it is because of everyones conflicting views of Kurtz that makes Marlow so interested in meeting him. I think that Marlow looks forward to meeting Kurtz because he has heard so much about this person he wants to meet him so he can pass him own judgement. He seems to expect something from Kurtz, such as an ideal to look up to as this is the impression that has been created for him. I think that Kurtz is Marlows hidden motive to get to the heart of darkness as he crept on, towards Kurtz. Marlow had a sense of extreme disappointment when there was a thought that Kurtz might have died and that he would never have the chance to meet him. I think that this suggests that Marlow was becoming obsessed with the image of Kurtz. However, in a contrast to this, Marlow refers to Kurtz as hollow more than once in the story and this could be taken negatively to mean that Kurtz is not worthy of thought; it also suggests that Kurtz is not real. The opening sections of the novella suggest Kurtz to be an ideal agent and also a scoundrel but it also implies that when he is struck with an obstacle he always succeeds. An obstacle currently in his path is that he is ill and the reality is that everyone gets ill, but no body wants this to happen to Kurtz and it was hoped that it was not true. The manager of the Central Station commented that Kurtzs illness made the situation, very grave, very grave. The word grave means serious and this suggests that Kurtz was a very exceptional man within the Company and is looked up to as supreme so when he gets ill it shows that he is only the same as everyone else. This shows the reader that Kurtz is only a human and can be affected by his surroundings. I think that Kurtz is series of images constructed by others for their own use. As Marlows visits with Kurtzs cousin and his fianci e show, there seems to be no true Kurtz. To his cousin, he was a great musician and a brilliant politician and leader of men; to his fiance, a great humanitarian and genius. All of these contrast with Marlows version of the man, and he is left doubting the validity of his memories. Yet Kurtz, through his personality and overstated plans, remains with Marlow and with the reader.

Marjorie Joyner and the Wave Machine

Marjorie Joyner and the Wave Machine An employee of  Madame Walkers  empire, Majorie Joyner invented a permanent wave machine. This device, patented in 1928, curled or permed womens hair for a relatively lengthy period of time. The wave machine was popular among women white and black allowing for longer-lasting wavy hair styles. Joyner went on to become a prominent figure in Walkers industry. Early Years Joyner was born in 1896 in the rural Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia and moved in 1912 to Chicago to go to school study cosmetology.   She was the granddaughter of a white slave owner and a slave. Joyner graduated from A.B. Molar Beauty School in Chicago in 1916. She was the first  African-American  to achieve this. At the beauty school, she  met  Madame C. J. Walker, an African-American beauty entrepreneur who owned a cosmetic empire. Always an advocate of beauty for women, Joyner went to work for Walker and oversaw 200 of her beauty schools, working as the national adviser. One of her major duties was sending Walkers hair stylists door-to-door, dressed in black skirts and white blouses with black satchels, containing a range of beauty products that were applied  in  the customers house. Joyner taught some 15,000 stylists over her 50-year career.   Wave Machine Joyner was also a leader in developing new products, such as her permanent wave machine. She  invented her wave machine as a solution to the hair problems of African-American women. Joyner took her inspiration from a pot roast. She cooked with paper pins to shorten prep time. She experimented initially with these paper rods and soon designed a table that could be used to curl or straighten hair by wrapping it on rods above the persons head and then cooking them to set the hair. Using this method, hairstyles would last several days. Joyners design was popular in  salons  with both African-American and white women. Joyner never profited  from  her invention, however, because Madame Walker owned the rights.  In 1987, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington opened an exhibit featuring Joyners permanent wave machine and a replica of her original salon.   Other Contributions Joyner also helped write the first cosmetology laws for the state of  Illinois,  and founded both a sorority and a national association for black beauticians. Joyner was friends with Eleanor  Roosevelt,  and helped found the  National Council of Negro Women. She was an advisor to the Democratic National Committee in the   1940s,  and advised several New Deal agencies trying to reach out to black women. Joyner was highly visible in the Chicago black community, as head of the  Chicago Defender  Charity network, and fundraiser for various schools.   Together with Mary Bethune Mcleod, Joyner founded the United Beauty School Owners and Teachers Association.  In 1973, at the age of 77, she was awarded a bachelors degree in psychology from  Bethune-Cookman College  in  Daytona Beach, Florida. Joyner also volunteered for several charities that helped house, educate, and find work for African Americans during the Great Depression.

Psycho Shower Scene Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psycho Shower Scene Analysis - Essay Example It begins by focusing exclusively on the victim, generating a faint underlying suspicion that she may be being watched. Through a series of close up shots, the camera picks up on the character’s pensive frame of mind, offering a hint that she may be engaged in illegal activity when she tears up a paper from her diary on which she had been jotting figures and decides not to throw it into the dustbin. The shots focusing on the victim throwing the pieces of torn paper into the toilet and taking off her robe before stepping into the shower are replicated at the end of the scene, where after she is murdered, the camera focuses on her robe which will never be worn and the side table in the room, where the notebook she was writing on has disappeared, suggesting the reasons why she was killed. The actual murder is depicted in a series of fast cut, close up shots where the shower head that is sending out its streams of water is the single constant element. At the beginning of the sequence, the camera captures the fountain of water from the shower head in an upward angled shot, which is immediately followed by a shot of the victim smiling and enjoying the water spray. The Director follows this up with a series of shots of the victim soaping herself, but her eyes gradually close in each following shot, as if to underline the fact that she is moving from a happy, contended state to one where she is closing off the dangers that exist in her immediate environment. The appearance of the murderer is achieved through a series of shots focusing on a shadow in the shower curtain that grows darker and more clearly defined as the attacker moves closer. The Director chooses to use a silhouette shot on the attacker, in order to conceal his/her identity, while confounding the viewer at the same time because the silhouette appears to be a woman. The Director films the victim with her back turned to the attacker and has her turn at the very last

Is nothing private Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is nothing private - Case Study Example Monique Masters that her quest is honorable aimed at offering more good than bad. The main ethical issue in the case is primarily the privacy and confidentiality of all persons who holds driver’s license. The case is characterized by a number of relevant details. To start with, FatAway’s president, Monique Masters presents her need to advertise for a newly developed product line. The products to be advertised are deemed safe, reliable and effective. The advertising undertakings are referred to an advertising agency that is supposed to gather specific and relevant information for the advertisement, design the advertisement and further market the entire campaign. The information required is available, but not specifically gathered for advertisement and marketing purposes. Another relevant detail that pertains to this case is the procedure to use in getting the required information. The advert needs to identify the ten fattest people in each state. This information is dependent on getting access to all persons who hold driving licenses. Once this is done, their height and weight is to be matched and the grossly fat persons identified for the advertisement pursuit. The identified persons will be asked to consent to the move, with those who get into a weight loss program getting paid for every pound of weight lost. The other detail is that of getting access to the required information. The privacy and confidentiality of the information held by drivers’ registries seems to be jeopardized. This is regard to the alternatives available in getting access to this information. Subscriptions are allowed and even in some cases secretaries of state provide this information at a cost. Business and professional conduct is therefore central to the dealings between Monique, the Advertising Agency and the Executive account Manager. The case details therefore revolve around the FatAway Inc., the advertising agency and its

Military Dictatorship and Hieratical Political Leaders Essay Example for Free

Military Dictatorship and Hieratical Political Leaders Essay Military dictatorship and hieratical political leaders failed in Bangladesh Military dictatorship and hieratical political leaders failed in Bangladesh to institutionalize democracy and ensure development and liberty for the people. It looks like that we have to restart from the beginning. As early as 1965 the late Akhter hamid Khan of Comilla Academy had a vision to take government to the doorstep of common people through a local government and micro- enterprises under cooperative with management support from a rural based bureaucrats and reduce the revenue urden of the central government a corresponding reduction of members in the centralized bureaucratic administration. To invoke public propositions and opinion in this regard, the following few points have been innumerate to be further developed in future. . Bangladesh was liberated by the toiling masses at great sacrifices primarily by farmers, labors and students, though history did not credit them for their role and instead placed all laurels and benefits of the liberation war to the army, politicians, bureaucrats, greedy elitist and business community to whom all the ealth and privileges and legal concessions of all the Governments have been showered upon. Another liberation war is necessary to liberate real peoples and ensure their development. 2. points were fundamental basis of ensuring all right, entitlement Justice to peoples of a promised Sonar Bangla. On that same basis we have to restructure reform our executive Judicial functions with maximum autonomy power to local government leaving only such functions as National security, Foreign affairs, Currency, reserve bank federal financi al affairs, Planning upport and coordination, One integrated national Industrial corporation for development of Basic large Industries, One integrated R D council for development of Science and technology, with major emphasis on empirical research. One National Multimode integrated Transport Network System, One National IT Centre for networking all ministerial local government functions, archiving and retrieving data and information etc. 3. Democracy, Socialism, non-alignment and secularism were the basis of our constitution which was tempered and tailored many times by all Governments to suit certain specific objective of some leaders and their party. The basic principles of a constitution should be sealed for any amendment except through referendum only. The 1st constitution of Bangladesh had some clauses with embedded party interest such as preventive detention under article 33, unrestricted tenure for PM;s office article 57, Local Govt. structure and power as in article 59 60, blind following of party line as in article 70 and many others. Though all parties derive certain benefits from these, they must be recast to reflect public pinion on them. . The chapters and clauses on part VI Judiciary contains no structural, Judicial and procedural reforms to ensure dispensing timely Justice within affordable cost. The system has become single biggest obstacle towards prevention of vices and chapters and clauses on part IX Services of Bangladesh contains no structural and procedural reforms to convert the servants of the colonial masters to respectable employees of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh. Myopic planning, redtapism and fund crumpling are common causes of all or most project failures in Bangladesh. PSC failure to recruit proper personnel on the basis of personnel integrity, meritocracy, accountability and preference to generalist in place of function based specialist are major causes for rise of a elitist, high living and corrupt bureaucrats who hold every thread of power over political government and who will never allow local government function to be within control of elected local government as the same will hamper their financial interest. . Reorganization of Statutory bodies ; state owned enterprise, public undertakings including banking, securities, and non banking inancial enterprises in Bangladesh is essential as they have substantial bearing on our economy caused due to drainage of capital through loans given to be subsequently classified. Project failure and loss of employment, flight of capital and money laundering, low FDI, management failure, undisciplined labor, lack of accountability and transferency etc. 7. Prepare a total guide line proposal for long, medium and short term development plan for developing Bangladesh with a vision to raise it to a modern state with an egalitarian society by dismantling the existing horrible wealth gap between rich and poor.

The bulest eye :: essays research papers

Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Lorain, Ohio with their parents. Their lives are hard, but their parents provide a stern and loving household. To make money, their parents take in a boarder, Henry Washington. Soon after, another young girl, named Pecola, comes to live with the MacTeers after her father, Cholly, burned down her house. The three girls become friends. Pecola loves milk and Shirley Temple; it quickly becomes clear that she believes that all things Caucasian are beautiful. It also becomes clear that Pecola considers herself ugly because she has such strong African features. She does not believe she can be loved. Pecola eventually moves back in with her family. Life there is not pleasant. Her father is an alcoholic, her mother is distant, and the two of them often fight. Pecola's older brother, Samuel, often runs away from home. Pecola also runs away but into her own fantasies: she dreams of having the bluest eyes in the world. Pecola's life away from her family is no better. She is often picked on and called ugly by those around her. Claudia and Frieda realize that the entire neighborhood agrees with Pecola that Caucasian features are beautiful. Pecola's parents have both had difficult lives. Pauline always felt like an outsider in her family and constantly suffers through feelings of loneliness and ugliness. She wants to love her daughter but finds Pecola unattractive. Pauline works for a wealthy white family and finds her solace in their house and in movie theaters showing the glamorous white world. Cholly was abandoned by his parents and brought up by his aunt. He was often humiliated by white people and built up a great rage toward whites and women. When he met and married Pauline, things were good for a time, but he soon felt trapped and unhappy. The marriage is listless and dull, except for those moments when they are fighting. One day, as he returns home and finds Pecola washing dishes, Cholly's life of rage and aborted desire wells up and he rapes his daughter. Pauline blames Pecola for the rape, irrationally seeing it as Pecola's fault. Pecola becomes more obsessed with getting blue eyes and visits Soaphead Church, a sham mystic, who promises to help her. Instead, he uses her to help kill a dog he doesn't like. Pecola discovers she is pregnant. Over the course of her pregnancy, Pecola goes mad.

Economic Development and Social Change Essay

Section 1 1) What is the primary goal of modernization theory in contrast to theories of capital formation? Compare and contrast Hoselitz’ formulation of modernization theory with Lewis’ theory of capital formation In the 18th century, during the Age of Enlightenment, an idea named the Idea of Progress emerged whereby its believers were thought of being capable of developing and changing their societies. This philosophy initially appeared through Marquis de Condorcet, who was involved in the origins of the theoretical approach whereby he claimed that technological advancements and economical changes can enable changes in moral and cultural values. He encouraged technological processes to help give people further control over their environments, arguing that technological progress would eventually spur social progress. In addition, Émile Durkheim developed the concept of functionalism in the sociological field, which emphasizes on the importance of interdependence between the different institutions of a society and their interaction in maintaining cultural and social unity. His most well known work, The Division of Labour in Society, which outlines how order in society could be controlled an d managed and how primitive societies could make the transition to more economically advanced industrial societies. Another reason for the emergence of the modernization theory derived from Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations, which represented the widespread practical interest on economic development during a time when there was a constant relation between economic theory and economic policy that was considered necessary and obvious. It was by analysing, critiquing, and hence moving away from these assumptions and theories that the modernization theory began to establish itself. At the time the United States entered its era of globalism and a ‘can do’ attitude characterized its approach, as in the functionalist modernization advanced by B. Hoselitz: â€Å"You subtract the ideal typical features or indices of underdevelopment from those of development, and the remainder is your development program†. As he also presents in Social Structure and Economic Growth , this body of economic theory â€Å"abstracted from the immediate policy implications to which it was subject†Ã ‚  and also â€Å"assumed human motivations and the social and cultural environment of economic activity as relatively rigid and unchanging givens†(23-24). He claims that the difference lies in the extra examination of what is beyond simply economics terms and adjustments, by â€Å"restructuring a social relations in general, or at least those social relations which are relevant to the performance of the productive and distributive tasks of the society†(26). Most forms of evolutionism conceived of development as being natural and endogenous, whereas modernization theory makes room for exogenous influences. Its main aim is to attain some understanding of the functional interrelationship of economic and general social variables describing the transition from an economically â€Å"underdeveloped† to an â€Å"advanced† society. Modernization theory is usually referred to as a paradigm, but upon closer consideration turns out to be host to a wide variety of projects, some presumably along the lines of ‘endogenous change’ namely social differentiation, rationalization, the spread of universalism, achievement and specificity; while it has also been associated with projects of ‘exogenous change’: the spread of capitalism, industrialization through technological diffusion, westernization, nation building, state formation (as in postcolonial inheritor states). If occasionally this diversity within modernization is recognized, still the importance of exogenous influences is considered minor and secondary. I do not view ‘modernization’ as a sing le, unified, integrated theory in any strict sense of ‘theory’. It was an overarching perspective concerned with comparative issues of national development, which treated development as multidimensional and multicausal along various axes (economic, political, cultural), and which gave primacy to endogenous rather than exogenous factors. (Tiryakian, 1992: 78) In the context of Cold War modernization theory operated as a highly interventionalist tool enabling the ‘free world’ to impose its rules and engage in ‘structural imperialism’. Typically this occurred in the name of the forces of endogenous change such as national building, the entrepreneurial spirit and achievement orientation. In effect modernization theory was a form of globalization that was presented as endogenous change. Modernization theory, therefore, emerged from these ideas in order to explain the process of modernization within societies. The theory examines  not only the internal factors of a country but also how with the aid of technology and the reformation of certain cultural structures, â€Å"traditional† countries can develop in the same manner that more developed countries have. In this way, the theory attempts to identify the social variables, which contribute to social progress and the development of societies, and seeks to expl ain the process of social evolution. The question of the functional relations between all or most culture traits is left open, and special attention is â€Å"given only to those aspects of social behaviour that have significance for economic action, particularly as this action relates to conditions affecting changes in the output of goods and services achieved by a society†(30). They conceptualize the process of development in a similar linear, evolutionary form as older evolutionary theories of progress, but seek to identify the critical factors that initiate and sustain the development process. These factors, they argue, are both intrinsic and extrinsic: the former involves the diffusion of modern technologies and ideas to the developing world, while the latter requires the creation of local conditions, such as the mobilization of capital, which will foster progress. Modernization theorists believe that primitive production, an anachronistic culture, and apathetic personal dispositions combine to maintain an ar chaic socioeconomic system that perpetuates low levels of living. Modernization theorists hold that policies designed to deal with these traditional impediments to progress primarily through economic intervention, provide the key to prosperity. Overall, Hoselitz’s modernization theory is a sociological theory of economic growth that determines the mechanisms by which thesocial structure of an underdeveloped economy was modernized – that is, altered to take on the features of an economically advanced country. Hoselitz’s answer was based on the â€Å"theory of social deviance† – that is, that new things were started by people who were different from the norm. Unlike Lewis’ theories that we will revise later, Hoselitz thought that small-scale private economic development was the best way of achieving development in Third World economies. This particularly involved revaluing what he called â€Å"entrepreneurial performance†, something that Lewis also agrees with, but in a way that provided not only wealth but also social status and political  influence. In Chapter 8 of Sociological Aspects of Economic Growth, Hoselitz focuses on the creation of â€Å"generative cities† ( that is, cities producing innovations) rather than traditional rural areas were the focal points for the introduction of new ideas and social and economic practices. Many of the early colonial settlements in the New World and South Africa, Hoselitz claimed, were parasitic, enjoying a certain degree of economic growth â€Å" within the city itself and its surrounding environs† only at the expense of the rest of the region, which was ruthlessly exploited for its natural and agricultural resources (p.280). Although prescriptions for inducing social change and removing cultural obstacles to economic modernization in developing countries may be described as social policies, they do not seek to deal directly with mass poverty and its attendant problems of malnutrition, ill-health, inadequate housing, illiteracy, and destitution. These critical welfare concerns are seldom referred to by modernization theorists, namely by Hoselitz. Instead, the implicit assumption in his writings is that the process of economic development and social change will raise levels of living and remedy these problems automatically. Since economic growth, engendered by capital investments in modern industry, will expand employment, the proportion of the population in subsistent poverty will steadily decline. The increasing numbers of workers in the modern economy will experience a steady rise in real income that will be sufficient not only to satisfy their basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter but permit them to purchase consumer commodities as well as social goods such as medical care, education, and social security. Arthur Lewis was one of the first economists to create a theory about how industrialized and economically stable countries are capable of helping undeveloped countries progress. He presented this theory in his work Economic Development with the Unlimited Supplies of Labor† where he brings about the concept of capital formation. He defines it as the transfer of savings from households and governments to business sectors, resulting in increased output and economic expansion. He claims that his â€Å"model says, in effect, that if unlimited supplies of labor are available at a constant real  wage, and if any part of profits is reinvested in productive capacity, profits will grow continuously relatively to the national income, and capital formation will also grow relatively to the national income†(158). From here bridged off his development of the two-sector model of the economy and the theory of dualism. Both posit the existence of a substantial pool of underutilized labo r in a backward, subsistent agricultural sector of an economy that perpetuates low levels of production and mass poverty. This model comprises two distinct sectors, the capitalist and the subsistence sectors. The former, which may be private or state-owned, includes principally manufacturing industry and estate agriculture; the latter, mainly small-scale family agriculture and various other types of unorganized economic activity. Here the capital, income and wages per head, the proportion of income saved, and the rate of technological progress are all much higher in the capitalist sector. The subsistence sector is both at a very low level, and also stagnant, with negligible investment and technical progress and no new wants emerging. Institutional arrangements are the ones maintaining this chronic disequilibrium between the sectors, implicit in these differences in real income and productivity. In the extended family the members receive approximately the average product of the group even if the marginal product is much less. The process of development, initiated by an increase in the share of capitalist s in the national income, I essentially the growth of the capitalist sector at the expense of the subsistence sector, with the goal of the ultimate absorption of the latter by the former. To some extent, this is similar to Hoselitz’s development of the modernization theory, whereby the claims that the formation of his generative cities (a) creates a new demand for industrial raw materials from the surrounding region, and (b) attracts new population to the cities, thereby increasing the demand for food from the countryside. The net effect of these forces is a â€Å"widening of economic development over an increasing area affecting a growing proportion of the population outside the city†(Hoselitz, 282). However, Lewis’ theory has several limitations and conditions, most importantly that his theory can be applied only in countries with unlimited supplies of labor. Unlimited supplies of labor arise from the employment of  more workers than is productively effective. Lewis went through all of the areas of Caribbean society where he thought there were pools of labour in which the marginal productivity was negative, negligible or zero. His plan now was to make this a potential, industrial labour force. He could take all of the labour away from agriculture, away from casual labour, without lowering the profit margins of the places where they are currently employed. This was not a radical, disruptive assault on the existing economic order, which resulted in one of the main reasons that his theory was so successful. Ineffective production, occurring when an additional worker prevented the previous one from producing another product (hence equaling a negative marginal productivity) was common in the Caribbean, Southeast Asia and other undeveloped regions of the world. Several sectors of the economy employ too many people with negligible, zero or negative marginal productivity. According to Lewis these productively unnecessary individuals are employed in agriculture, or are casual workers, petty traders, or women of the household. He claims that the transfer of these people’s work from these areas towards commercial employment is one of the most notable features of economic development. The second source of labor for expanding industries is the increase in the population resulting from the excess of births over deaths. After his analysis of the effect of development on death rate, whereby he concludes that â€Å"[death rates] come down with development from around 40 to around 12 per thousand†(144), he claims therefore that â€Å"in any society where the death rate is around 40 per thousand, the effect of economic development will be to generate an increase in the supply of labor†(144). From this point of view, he states, †Å"there can be in an over-populated economy an enormous expansion of new industries or new employment opportunities without any shortage of unskilled labor†(145), though too many people could again cause ineffective production. He clarifies this by saying, â€Å"Only so much labor should be used with capital as will reduce the marginal productivity of labor to zero†(145). This can be achieved by offering and maintaining decently high wages. The wages offered should be only slightly higher than the wages available in the subsistence sector, since wages that are too high may attract more workers than needed. But firstly, and perhaps most importantly, entrepreneurial-minded capitalists are required in order to invest in the nation. Tax holidays attract the foreign capitalists. It is not a very difficult task, because they have very good incentives to come. The planter class in the Caribbean seemed just like the planter class in the American South – it had no desire to go industrial and no desire to go competitive. It was still trapped in a situation between an old monopoly system and a market situation since they were able to negotiate for a protected market for sugar, not a competitive market. Lewis then looked around realized the only way he could keep this program of industrialization launched would be by visiting England and America where capitalists and entrepreneurs were flourishing and foster their entrance into the Caribbean. Again, he employed the concept of a dual economy where a subsistence sector existed, but also from where he created from scratch this modern industria l sector to establish on modern capitalism. Capitalists in North America and Europe found these labouring conditions and costs in the Caribbean quite attractive. Getting this labour to the imported capitalists would not be resisted locally because he was taking those labourers with marginal productivity of zero. Once they began working, he would then re-invest more capital into the factory, so that it could expand, employ more workers, export more products, and increase profits, hence developing a self-feeding system that would eventually lead the national income to grow. Although Hoselitz also is of the belief that the formation of a dual economy is beneficial, rather than necessarily attract foreign capitalists through such incentives, Hoselitz believes that the creation of westernized cities led the way forward. He claims that cities modelled after the Western cities exhibited a spirit difference from the traditionalism of the countryside. In this way, he differs slightly from Le wis in that he favored a shift in political power away from traditional leaders and toward total control by economic and urban modernizers in underdeveloped countries, not necessarily foreign entrepreneurial capitalist as Lewis asserts. Lewis knew that some products would work better than others, so he developed an Industrial Programming Market – a number of basic calculations about those particular commodities, if produced in the Caribbean, would be  particularly competitive internationally. And so as a result of this study Lewis found that the production of airbrushes, gloves, furniture, needles, shirts, and leather goods would be particularly good to produce, given the skills of the labour force available at the time. For the self-feeding system to be a continuous process, costs of labour had to remain fairly constant. If the cost of labour rose too rapidly, they would not be sustained since the goods would no longer be internationally competitive. The key to this model is indeed international competitiveness. Capitalists can create more capital when the supply of money is higher, and hence if governments create credit, inflation arises yet does not have the same effect as the inflation that arises durin g depression periods. This inflation only has an effect on the prices in the short-run so that in the long run the final effect equal to what it would be if capital was formed by the reinvestment of profit. Lewis discusses at some length the methods by which governments of underdeveloped countries can raise revenue, especially the substantial funds required for government capital formation. For familiar political and administrative reasons much of this revenue has to be raised from indirect taxes, notably import and excise duties and export taxes. He argues that indirect taxation is more likely to increase than to decrease the supply of effort: The taxpayer usually does not know how much tax is included in the prices of the articles he buys, so in so far as the disincentive effect of taxation is psychological it can be avoided by using indirect rather than direct taxes†¦ If it is an increase in indirect taxation, the effect is probably to increase effort rather than to reduce it (414). Because of the multiple restrictions in this model, it is designed for countries with unlimited supplies of labor and hence this growth has a limit: â€Å"The process must stop when capital accumulation has caught up with population, so there is no longer surplus labor†(172). Furthermore, if wages are too high, they may consume the entirety of the profit leading to no re-investment. Several other reasons for the end of capital formation vary; the occurrence of natural disasters, war or a change of political system can also prevent further economic expansion in a closed economy. Lewis’ model is powerful but also highly restricted and specific to only a handful of nations. Some critics also claim that the distinction between the two sectors is too sharp; that small-scale agriculture is often far from stagnant and the emergence of the production of cash crops by individual producers has in fact been a key instrument in economic development since capital formation is actually created in this type of agriculture. Also, this model requires low wages for the labor force, yet very low wages result in a wide gap between the lower and upper class in a society, an issue that many have questioned thoroughly. Lewis says openly that exploitation can easily occur in this model, but that it is part of capital accumulation. He believes that one has to sacrifice a generation to grow the economy, because he assumed that if all goes well and more consumers are attracted to Caribbean, they will generate more business, and the economy will grow to the point where the weal th can be redistributed to the people. He reckoned that it would take, given the rate of growth that he observed in the Caribbean, one generation, thus a period between 40 and 50 years, to grow the economy and claim that poverty could be eradicated in this region. And yet the cost of this would be exploiting this generation, so that their children could benefit from it later. Hoselitz, as stated earlier, applied the ideas of Parsons and other sociologists to an analysis of the development process under the assumption, drawn from Adam Smith, that increasing productivity was associated with more detailed social divisions of labor: A society on a low level of economic development is, therefore, one in which productivity is low because division of labor is little developed, in which the objectives of economic activity are more commonly the maintenance or strengthening of status relations, which social and geographical mobility is low, and in which the hard cake of custom determines the manner, and often the effects, of economic performance. An economically highly developed society, in contrast, is characterized by a complex division of social labor, a relatively open social structure from which caste barriers are absent and class barriers are surmountable, in which social roles and gains from economic activity are distributed essentially on the basis of achie vement, and in which, therefore, innovation, the search for and exploitation of profitable market situations,  and the ruthless pursuit of self-interest without regard to the welfare of others is fully sanctioned. (Hoselitz, 1960: 60). These preceding theories both provide us with some preliminary indications and developments of views of modern social orders broader than that envisaged in the initial models provided. They stress the historical dimensions of the process of development, emphasizing that this process is not universal, something in the very nature of humanity or in the natural development of human societies. Instead, the modernization process is fully bound to a certain period in human history, even though in itself it is continuously developing and changing throughout this period. Development and the challenges it brings forward constitute a basic given for most contemporary societies. Though it certainly is pervasive in the contemporary setting, it is not necessarily irreversible in the future, and it would be wrong to assume that once these forces have impinged on any â€Å"society†, they naturally push toward a given, relatively fixed â€Å"end-plateau.† Rather, as we have seen, they evoke within different societies, in different situations, a variety of responses which depend on the broad sets of internal conditions of these societies, on the structure of the situation of change in which they are caught, and the very nature of the international system and relations, whether those of â€Å"dependency† or of international competition. Section 2 5) Briefly outline David Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage; then outline in greater detail Samir Amin’s theory of periphery capitalism and why he thinks that trade between the central and peripheral capitalist economies does not meet the conditions of Ricardo’s theory In 1817, David Ricardo, an English political economist, contributed theory of comparative advantage in his book ‘Principles of Political Economy and Taxation’. This theory of comparative advantage, also called comparative cost theory, is regarded as the classical theory of international trade. According to the classical theory of international trade, every country will produce their commodities for the production of which it is most suited in terms of its natural endowments climate quality of soil, means of transport, capital, etc. It will produce these commodities in excess of its own requirement and will exchange the surplus with the imports of goods from other countries for the production of which it is not well suited or which it cannot produce at all. Thus all countries produce and export these commodities in which they have cost advantages and import those commodities in which they have cost disadvantages. Ricardo states that even if a nation had an absolute disadvantage in the production of both commodities with respect to the other nation, mutually advantageous trade could still take place. The less efficient nation should specialize in the production and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is less. This is the commodity in which the nation has a comparative advantage. Ricardo takes into account the following assumptions: there are two countries and two commodities; there is a perfect competition both in commodity and factor market; cost of production is expressed in terms of labor; labor is the only factor of production other than natural resources; labor is homogeneous i.e. identical in efficiency, in a particular country; labor is perfectly mobile within a country but perfectly immobile between countries; there is free trade; production is subject to constant returns to scale; there is no technological change; trade between two countries takes place on barter system; full employment exists in both countries; there are no transport costs. In 1973, Samir Amin, an Egyptian political economist, begins his dialogue in Unequal Development by referring to Marx’s writing on non-European societies, namely India and China, and creates a work in which he reevaluates Peter Evans’ theory of Dependent Development and simultaneously presents his theory of peripheral capitalism in developing societies. He shows how these early ideas established the notion of the centre and the periphery, and how â€Å"the development of capitalism in the periphery was to remain extraverted, based on the external market, and could therefore not lead to a full flowering of the capitalist mode of production in the periphery†(199). He then begins to develop his own theory of the transition to peripheral capitalist economy by questioning David Ricardo’s assumptions in his theory of comparative advantage, and later outlines nine theses to support his views. Peripheral capitalism is based on, but not identical to, the imperialistic relationships developed between colonizing nations and their colonies. In this economic relationship, the players are the same – the colonizing nation becomes the â€Å"center†, while the colony becomes the â€Å"periphery† – but the role that each society plays is different from the classic imperialist relationship. The peripheral economy is marked by extreme dependence on external demand, or extroversion, as well as stunted and unequal rates of development within the society. Amin maintains that in order for these societies to break free of extroversion and develop, they must be actively removed from the peripheral capitalist relationship. He proposes nationalization and socialization as an alternative, a system which-when contrasted with peripheral capitalism-could not be a more different approach to economic development. Unfortunately for the developing nation s, socialism was largely unsuccessful as an economic experiment, consistently causing stagnation and underdevelopment in societies that attempted it. Peripheral capitalism evolves from colonial imperialism, an economic system in which the colonizing nation penetrates deep into the heart of the colonial economy in an effort to manipulate it towards the benefit of the mother country. Every aspect of the colonial economy is geared not towards the expansion of the colonial economy itself, but rather towards the production of something that the colonizing nation cannot produce itself. As a result, the success and the existence of a particular sector of the colonial economy is dependent upon whether or not the mother country has a need for that sector; colonial economies are rooted heavily in external demand. This extroversion leaves the colonial economy without an indigenous set of linkages, as economic sectors that will benefit from colonial activity function mostly within the economy of the colonizing nation. When autocentric, or internally-driven, economic growth is blocked in such a way that a peripheral economy emerges with the sa me sort of external dependence on the central economy that was suffered by the colonial economy. The peripheral economy is typically plagued by an unequal division of labor, or specialization, between itself and the central economy. While the latter enjoys the benefits and progress associated with industrialization, the periphery tends to remain predominantly agricultural. What little industry may exist in the peripheral economy is most often â€Å"light† industrial production of small, simple goods, as opposed to the â€Å"heavy† industrial production of machinery and complex products that characterizes the central economy. Additionally, Amin argues that there is often a â€Å"hypertrophy of the tertiary sector†(200) of the peripheral economy; too much of the economy is devoted to providing services, â€Å"expressed especially in the excessive growth of administrative expenditure†(201) effectively anchoring the society’s development due to a lack of productive advancement. Yet another malady of the peripheral economy is the reduced value of the local ‘multiplier effect’, another result of the remnants of economic infrastructure modification from the colonial period. If an economy is replete with linkage sectors, then any money put into the leading sector will generate a multiplied effect in all of the forward and backward linkages of that industry. Peripheral economies, however, are effectively stripped of linkages during their colonial phase of development hence spending in the peripheral economy ultimately benefits the central economy, where most of the peripheral industries’ linkages are realized. Not only is the local multiplier effect reduced in the peripheral economy, but Amin claims that it also leads to â€Å"the marked propensity to import†(201), and thus is in effect transferred to the central economy, where revenue is collected every time money is spent in the periphery. Because peripheral input ultimately goes abr oad, local businesses are not stimulated, as they would be if linkages were realized within the periphery, worsening the already-detrimental conditions of the peripheral economy. Adding to the lack of stimulation of local business is the fact that peripheral industries tend to be dominated by monopolies established from foreign capital. After the majority of revenue goes to the central economy through linkage industries, what little money remains in the local economy is often put into businesses controlled by central capitalists. In other words, almost every dollar put into the periphery ultimately finds its way to the central economy. In Unequal Development, Amin maintains that no economy can be expected to develop without successfully making the transition from extrovert to introvert so that it can â€Å"assert the dominance of the exporting sector over the economic structure as a whole†(203), and that no peripheral capitalist economy can independently heal the economic wounds inflicted by colonialism. Therefore, the only way to promote development in peripheral capitalist economies is to actively remove them from their disadvantageous relationship with the central economy, which, according to Amin, should be replaced by internal nationalization and socialization of the once-peripheral economy. The establishment of a nationalist socialist state would serve both to eliminate external dependence, as well as to reconcile the disarticulated nature of the local economy. The first critique of Ricardo’s theory made by Amin is its lack of specificity – claiming that his examples of trade between Portugal and England were very exclusive to intra-European trade and could not exactly be applied to relations between several different country relations around the World. If there is a large difference in GDP between two countries, then what statistics demonstrate is that the country with the smaller GDP would benefit more from this transaction, and this was â€Å"the source of special problems that dictate[d] development policies in the periphery that [were] different from those on which development of the West was based†(201); a factor that Ricardo hadn’t considered it in his theory. Another vital yet neglected consideration was the importance of the commodity in terms of a nations’ GDP: wine was a big section of the Portuguese GDP, greater than it was for England, so the trade benefited the Portuguese to a greater extent than it did to the British. He elaborates upon this idea by explaining how the relation between central and periphery assumes the mobility of capital, since the centre is investing greatly in the periphery. What the periphery chooses to specialize in is to a large extent determined by the centre, since very often the selection comes after it has been forced to serve the imperial country. As he clearly states, this type of trade â€Å"compels the periphery to confine itself to the role of complementary supplier of products for the production of which it possesses a natural advantage: exotic agricultural produce and  minerals†(200). The result is a decrease in the level of wages in the periphery for the same level of productivity than at the centre, hence limiting the development of industries focused on the home market of the periphery. The disarticulation due to the adjustment of the orientation of production in the periphery to the needs of the centre prevents the transmission of the benefits of econo mic progress from the poles of development to the economy as a whole. Overall, this is what Amin defines by ‘unequal specialization’, which in turn violates the conditions of Ricardo’s theory. Another argument that Amin makes involved the Keynesian multiplier effect. He claims that this effect does not take place to the situation at the centre because of its advantaged stage of monopoly, characterized by difficulties in producing surplus. Due to this unequal specialization as well as the significant propensity to import that follows, the effect is a transferring of multiplier effect mechanisms and the accelerator theorem from the periphery to the centre. Furthermore, Amin includes the social aspect of this process, which is a result of the individual history of each nation and the power imbalance created. Amin finds that the nature of the pre-capitalist formations that took place previously and the epoch in which they became integrated in the capitalist system are both very important factors in determining the presence or lack of development to come. He also draws a line between two different terms, ‘peripheral formations’ and ‘young central formations’, whereby the latter, based on the predominance of a simple commodity mode of production, are capable of independently evolving towards a fully developed capitalist mode of production. Amin terminates by asserting â€Å"the domination by central capital over the system as a whole, and the vital mechanisms of primitive accumulation for its benefit which express this domination, subject the development of peripheral national capitalism to strict limitationsâ₠¬ (202). These countries would hence not gain equal benefits under this trade, only if the patterns of specialization were undertaken in more ideal conditions, conditions that approximated Ricardo’s theory more closely. Rather than being a positive force for development, this type of trade becomes a force created under development. It will contribute to development in the centre, and underdevelopment in the periphery. He concludes that this inevitably hinders the development of peripheral nations: â€Å"the impossibility, whatever the level of production per head that may be obtained, of going over to auto centric and auto dynamic growth†(202).

Vacant Chapter 2 Window

I'm staring, which is something I don't make a habit of. Eye contact typically invites people into conversations, and I'm not a fan of chit-chat. I stand in the doorway with an awkward pause, like I'm unfamiliar with waving as an appropriate means to say hello. My pause before I answer her is a pace too long, and the situation is somewhat uncomfortable as I stand there waiting for her to offer up more information. More importantly, I want to know why she's knocking on my door, and I hope it's not so we can get to know each other. Since several more seconds pass without further exchange, I finally cave in and offer myself up. â€Å"Hey, I'm Ethan,† I say wanting to keep it simple. I don't want to get sucked into a conversation with her, but I don't want to be rude, either. She can tell I'm a little put out with her presence, so she gets right to the point. The last thing I need is an overly perky neighbor who thinks we're â€Å"pals.† â€Å"Sorry, I was just having trouble getting a window open. It's going to be a hot one, you know, and I don't have the electricity turned on yet. They want some freaking deposit since I don't have a credit history. It's like, ‘Hello, I'm living in a crappy house, in a crappy neighborhood. If I had good credit, I wouldn't be living here.' Anyway, I want to get the window open to get air moving through, and I think it's painted shut. I don't want to be all ‘damsel in distress,' but I can't pry the darn thing open†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My thoughts trail off and I realize this is the most anyone has said to me in years. Perky girl is still talking, but I'm continuously distracted by her mere presence and the fact that her chest spills over the top of her tank. She's pretty cute, but I try not to dwell on her appearance as lustful thoughts won't lead anywhere good. â€Å"So you think you could come help me?† I know I missed some information in there, but I'm not going to ask for clarification or for her to repeat it. â€Å"Sure, no problem.† I follow behind her, but at a safe distance. I don't want the offer of my help and me being polite to some girl mistaken for flirting. It sounds conceited, but it's happened before. It's better not to give them any sense of false hope. I mind my own business and live my life; today will be no exception. She shows me the window in question, and sure enough, it's painted shut. I roll my eyes at the incredibly inept and lazy maintenance people for doing a half-assed paint job. â€Å"Um, I'll be right back. I'll have to get something to cut this open.† I turn to head out her front door, but she stops me. â€Å"Oh, wait. Like a box cutter? I have one of those. I think the maintenance people left it here by mistake.† She rummages in a kitchen drawer then presents me with a paint covered box knife. As I work the window, she asks me several questions related to the area. My answers are succinct since I'm not really receptive to the Getting-to-Know-You game. The â€Å"Twenty Questions† moderator doesn't get the hint though, and keeps on with the game. â€Å"So, how long have you lived here?† â€Å"A few years.† â€Å"Do you know many of the neighbors?† â€Å"I don't talk to the neighbors much, so I don't know anything about them.† I'm hopeful my continued shortness helps her get the hint that I'm not interested in a conversation. â€Å"Wow, you're pretty quiet, huh?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"So, what do you do for fun?† I'm caught off guard by her question. I can't recall when I've had fun, so I'm not sure how to respond. I stand up straight, rolling my shoulders back and craning my neck in a stretch, attempting to buy a little time for my answer. While I don't particularly care what this girl thinks of me, I don't want to come off like a total loser, either. â€Å"Look, I'm sorry,† she says. â€Å"I didn't mean to pry. I've bothered you enough this morning. You've been so nice, helping me out and all. I'm gonna†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she trails off and I go back to working the window, popping it open a few seconds later. â€Å"I'll see you around,† I tell her, raising the window to its fully open state. She quickly dismisses me with another small wave, and I leave to go back to my own little corner of the earth. Despite the fact that I've been in her unit for less than five minutes, it doesn't escape my notice that there's no furniture or a TV, just a mattress on the floor of her bedroom. Maybe the moving truck with her stuff hasn't arrived yet, I think to myself. In the back of my mind, I know there isn't more stuff coming. People like us don't have stuff or the need for moving trucks. I'm lying in bed, thinking about the stupid question she asked me. â€Å"What do you do for fun?† How could such a simple question send me into a tailspin? That's when I hear a whimper. It's been a while since anyone's lived next door, and the last guy who lived there was never home, so I'm used to quiet. The walls are thin in apartments like this, cheaply built and economically priced rental units. Much expense was spared in their construction. I'm certain we share no more than a few two-by-fours and two slabs of sheetrock as the wall. It doesn't provide any more privacy than that found between bedrooms in the same home instead of two separate residences. I turn my head, thinking it will improve my ability to discern what I think I'm hearing. It doesn't, but then I hear muted sobbing. That can only mean one thing – new neighbor girl is crying. I turn away, wanting the sound to stop; I don't want to be involved. The next morning shows no signs of life from my neighbor, but that's no surprise. The noise coming from her side of the duplex kept me up well into the night, so I'm sure she's sleeping in. I, on the other hand, take part in my free exercise routine – running. I do this early in the morning for two reasons: one, I avoid those who may feel the need to hassle me for money. They are not early risers, as hassling is a mid-morning and post-lunch activity. Two, it gets hot as fuck here in the summer, and running in 105 degree temperatures is just stupid. I crest the hill on my street, nearly completing my three miles, and see her setting out the trash. New girl is looking around nervously, probably in hopes of going undetected since she's barely dressed in her tiny shorts and tank top. It's not leaving a whole hell of a lot to the imagination, and my mind wanders as I catch a glimpse at her ass. I see her throw a couple of empty boxes to the curb then turn and rush inside. I'm close enough that I can see the blackened bottoms of her feet as she scurries inside, then wonder how often she goes without shoes. A few days pass before I see her again as I return from my run. This time she's leaving a few plastic grocery sacks out for the trash. Once again, she's dressed in the same tank and shorts she wore on Sunday. After my cool down stretch, I make my way inside and gather my things to shower. Only then does it occur to me that I haven't heard the water turn on in neighbor girl's unit at any point since she moved in, not even a toilet flush. The only sound I hear from her side of the wall is the crying each night. I recall her statement about not having electricity. I'm guessing she doesn't have the water turned on yet, either. A knot forms in my stomach. Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! I can't help it and walk out my door, knocking on hers seconds later. It takes a moment before I realize I'm only wearing my shorts, but it's too late. She opens the door a crack and eyes me. â€Å"Ethan,† she greets, and then opens the door a little wider, looking around cautiously. â€Å"Emily, right?† â€Å"Yeah. What's up?† She's smiling again, just like when we met. â€Å"I noticed that you, um†¦don't have electricity yet, and you don't have water either, huh?† She bites the inside of her cheek nervously. â€Å"No.† Her reply is so small, just like she is, and I can tell she's embarrassed. â€Å"Come on,† I say, motioning for her to follow me. â€Å"You can shower and wash your clothes at my place. I pay a flat fee for the water, so you using it won't cost me any more money.† Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! It's too late, though. I'm already involved. It's no longer simple, and for the first time ever, I'm offering to care for someone other than myself.

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Literature

Langston Hughes Essays - African-American Literature, Literature Langston Hughes Doorknobs Langston Hughes is considered by many readers to be the most significant black poet of the twentieth century. Except for a few examples, all his poems are about social injustice in America. The somber tone of his writing often reflected his mood. Race relations were present in almost his whole career, following him from his first poem to his last. The poem Doorknobs was written in 1961 after his subpoena to appear before Senator McCarthy for subversive activities. Although many other poems by Hughes deal with prejudice, race, or politics, Doorknobs deals with life itself. Hughes anger over the political attacks are seen on many of his poems. Hughes Doorknob describes a child who seems to be afraid of life and afraid of the adults in his life By the end of the poem this child is now an adult himself who appears to be insecure, and perhaps, afraid of life itself. This man portrays a sad, non-confident, scared life as we can see on the lines 1 to 3. We experience first hand the lack of control, the terrorizing feelings this door holds for this child: The simple silly terror of a doorknob on a door that turns to let in life From lines 4 to 10, we can assume that we are reading of a child who is terrorized of the grownups that live with him; perhaps he is an abused child: on two feet standing, walking, talking, wearing dress or trousers, maybe drunk or maybe sober, maybe smiling, laughing, happy, maybe tangled in the terror of a yesterday past grandpa Lines 11 to 15 reinforce the terror this child is feeling and carrying with him. It is apparent that the child is experiencing some kind of abuse, either mental or physical: when the door from out there opened into here where I, antenna, recipient of your coming, received the talking image of the simple silly terror From lines 16-25 Hughes repeats the first stanza of the poem with minor changes to the order of t the words; this perhaps is now when the child is now remembering his past. Another interpretation is that when the child became a grownup instead of being afraid of the adults in his life, he is afraid now of life itself, and death. of a door that opens at the turning of a knob to let in life walking, talking, standing wearing dress or trousers, drunk or maybe sober, smiling, laughing, happy, or tangled in the terror of a yesterday past grandpa not of our own doing. Doorknobs is a sad poem; the poem deals with the struggle and search for identity, and a struggle of the individual vs. the Universe. The mood is fear, and perhaps terror of his surroundings. At the end, we are left with the feeling that the child went on living his life in terror and afraid of everything that surrounded him even after becoming an adult.

Blowfish Algorithm Advantages and Disadvantages

Blowfish Algorithm Advantages and Disadvantages Blowfish is a keyed (piece of information that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm or cipher), symmetric cryptographic block cipher. It was designed by Bruce Schneier in 1993. Since then it has been analyzed considerably, and it is slowly gaining acceptance as a strong encryption algorithm. Blowfish is license-free and is available free for all uses. It is also a symmetric block cipher that can be used as a drop-in replacement for DES or IDEA. It takes a variable-length key, from 32 bits to 448 bits, making it ideal for both domestic and exportable use. Blowfish is also one of the fastest block ciphers in public use, making it ideal for a product that functions on a wide variety of processors found in mobile phones as well as in notebook and desktop computers. The first implementation of the Blowfish Algorithm in LabVIEW. With this set of subvi’s one can encrypt data in LabVIEW without the need of external software. This can be used to send data secu rely over Data socket as well as TCP and UDP communications along with protect remote control systems from unauthorized access, by encrypting the control communications. .( B. Schneier, Applied Cryptography, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.) 3.2 Strategies and Mechanisms Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a key length of somewhere from 32 bits to 448 bits. The algorithm consists of two parts. One is a key-expansion part and one more is a data- encryption part. Key expansion converts a key of at most 448 bits into several subkey arrays totaling 4168 bytes. It is a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes (basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution). Each round consists of a keydependent permutation, and a keydependent substitution. It is also similar in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes. Blowfish is suitable for application where the key does not change frequently, like a communication link or an automatic file encryp tor. It is significantly faster than most encryption algorithm when on 32-bit microprocessor with large data caches. (Fast Software Encryption, Cambridge Security Workshop Proceedings December 1993) 3.3 The Feistel structure of Blowfish A Fiestel network is a general method of transforming any function (generally called F- function) into a permutation. It was inented by Horst Fiestel and has been used in many block chiper designed. The diagram below shows the action of Blowfish. Each line represents 32 bits. The algorithm keeps two subkey arrays: the 18-entry P-array and four 256-entry S-boxes. The S-boxes accept 8-bit input and produce 32-bit output. One entry of the P-array is used every round, and after the final round, each half of the data block is XORed with one of the two remaining unused P-entries. The diagram to the right shows Blowfish’s F-function. The function splits the 32-bit input into four eight-bit quarters, and uses the quarters as input to the S-boxes. The outputs are added modulo 232 and XORed to produce the final 32-bit output. Since Blowfish is a Feistel network, it can be inverted simply by XO7Ring P17 and P18 to the cipher text block, then using the P-entries in reverse order. Blowfish’s algorithm initialize with the P-array and S-boxes. The secret key is then XORed with the P-entries in order and then use the same method to encrypt all the zero string. The consequential ciphertext replaces P1 and P2 then encrypt the new P1 and P2 with the modified subkeys. Now the output is P3 and P4. Altogether Blowfish algorithm will repeat 521 times in order to calculate new subkeys for the P-array and the four S-boxes. It is about 4KB data is processed.

Fair Play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fair Play - Essay Example 3. There was nothing wrong with Ward providing a letter of introduction if he was genuine and had interests of the organization at heart. However, the problem only arose when he sent an introduction letter on behalf of a friend. This indicates a conflict of interest where it can be seen that he wants to provide some favors to his friend. This is likely to compromise the integrity of the whole committee. Ward should not represent personal interests but should act in a professional and impartial way. The criteria for selection should be based on experience and integrity of the company not background information characterized by personal ties. 4. The CEO’s friend did nothing improper in this case. As long as they have the requisite experience to perform the task, they are also entitled to be considered for selection besides the fact that they know the CEO. As long as the principles of fairness and impartiality are taken into consideration, there is nothing wrong with the CEO’s friend being considered for the job. 5. The Ethics Oversight Committee did not operate effectively in as far as their mandate was concerned. They acted in solidarity while at the same time blocking investigations that would have unearthed certain unethical practices taking place within the committee. The committee’s major role is to ensure that ethical practices are upheld every time not to take a leading role in concealing some of the ethical practices taking place within the organization. 6. The ethics committee is not doing a great job in trying to balance the ethical breaches and the interests of the organization. By virtue of refusing to take part in the meeting that has been meant to resolve some of the issues that had emerged, it can be seen that the committee is not fully serving its purpose. This only created interests among other stakeholders since they believe that the